EITI

• Identify typical metal clad switchgear components
• Explain typical breaker control features
• Describe circuit breaker semaphores
• Explain safe operation of metal clad switchgear
• Explain breaker “Racking" technique
• Describe Metal clad switchgear grounding
• Explain typical maintenance of metal clad
• Explain safety around metal clad switchgear
• Describe metal clad accessories

• Introduction to Circuit Breakers

  • Discuss the two main functions of circuit breakers.
  • Explain why it is important to extinguish arcs quickly.
  • Discuss the roles of speed, distance, cooling, dielectric strength, and current zero in extinguishing arcs.
  • Identify the dielectric mediums that are commonly used in circuit breakers to extinguish arcs.
  
  

• Air-Magnetic and Air-Blast Circuit Breakers

  • Describe the main arc extinguishing features of an air-magnetic circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in an air-magnetic circuit breaker.
  • Describe the main arc extinguishing features of an air-blast circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in an air-blast circuit breaker.



• Oil and Vacuum Circuit Breakers

  • Describe the arc extinguishing features of an oil circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in an oil circuit breaker.
  • Describe the arc extinguishing features of a vacuum circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in a vacuum circuit breaker.



• Gas-Blast and Gas-Puffer Circuit Breakers

  • Describe the arc extinguishing features of a gas-blast circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in a gas-blast circuit breaker.
  • Describe the arc extinguishing features in a gas-puffer circuit breaker.
  • Explain how an arc is extinguished in a gas-puffer circuit breaker.



• Solenoid and Motor/Spring Operating Mechanisms

  • Describe the main features of a solenoid operating mechanism.
  • Explain how a solenoid operating mechanism opens and closes circuit breaker contacts.
  • Describe the main features of a motor/spring operating mechanism.
  • Explain how a motor/spring operating mechanism opens and closes circuit breaker contacts.



• Pneumatic Hydraulic Operating Mechanisms

  • Describe the main features of a pneumatic operating mechanism.
  • Explain how a pneumatic operating mechanism opens and closes circuit breaker contacts.
  • Describe the main features of a hydraulic operating mechanism.
  • Explain how a hydraulic operating mechanism opens and closes circuit breaker contacts.

Taking transmission lines out of service for repairs or maintenance can be difficult and costly. For this reason, transmission lines are often worked on while they are energized. The two basic methods of working on energized lines are the bare hand method and the hot stick method. With the bare hand method, special tools and equipment allow direct contact with an energized conductor. With the hot stick method, insulated poles and other equipment are used to protect linemen from energized conductors.

This training unit introduces the hot stick method and discusses what hot sticks are, how they are used, and how they are inspected and maintained. Emphasis is placed on safety considerations associated with the use of hot sticks.

• Introduction to Hot Sticks

  • Define “hot sticks".
  • Explain the meanings of “potential", “safe working distances", and “minimum clearance" as they apply to hot sticks and hot stick safety.
  • Recognize some of the basic types of hot sticks and hot stick accessories used for transmission line maintenance.



• Care and Cleaning

  • Explain the purpose of the coating on hot sticks.
  • Demonstrate and explain the basic requirements for inspecting and storing hot sticks.
  • About Live Line tools and voltage markers
  • The importance of field care of  LL tools
  • How to perform field care on LL tools
  • What cleaners & waxes to use
  • Placement of voltage markers
  • Test intervals for LL tools & equipment

• Overview of Start and Stop Operations

  • Starting and Stopping a Generator
  • Modes of Operation
  • Component Operations
  • Unit Protection Shutdowns
  • Synchronous Condense Operations
  • INCLUDES: unit lockout schemes, unit alarms, and various unit monitoring systems to protect and assist maintenance staff in the troubleshooting process of generator operating problems
  
  

• Starting a Unit (Site Specific)

  • Pre-Start Conditions
  • Auto Start Sequence
  • Synchronizing with the System
  • Manual Start Procedure
  • Incomplete Start



• Stopping a Unit (Site Specific)

  • Pre-Stop Conditions
  • Auto Stop Sequence
  • Manual Stop Procedure
  • Incomplete Stop



• Synchronous Condense Mode

  • Resistive and Reactive Loads
  • Unit Capability Curve
  • Synchronous Condense Mode of Operation
  • How Sync Condense Works
  • Troubleshooting Sync Condense



• Unit Protection (Site Specific)

  • Introduction to Unit Protection
  • Lockout Shutdowns
  • Non-Lockout Shutdowns
  • Actuator Lock and Lock Free
  • Investigating Unit Protection Operations



• Troubleshooting

  • Introduction
  • Unit Alarms
  • Sequence of Events Recorder (SER)
  • Operational Informational (OI) Trend Graphs
  • Equipment Conditions Monitoring (ECM)

• Introduction to Governors

  • What is a Governor?
  • Why Speed Control is Important
  • Frequency Control and the Power Grid
  • Demand, Load, and System Stability
  • Automated System Control
  • Governor Subsystems
  • A Brief History of Governors
  
  

• Governor Operations

  • Primary Function: Speed Control
  • Start and Stop Operations
  • Synchronizing with the System
  • Unit Loading
  • Emergency Shutdown
  • Overspeed Protection
  • Manual Operations: Maintenance



• Control Subsystem

  • Operations of the Subsystem
  • Mechanical (Flyball System)
  • Analog Electronic Systems
  • Digital Electronic Systems
  • Inputs to Governor Control
  • Creep Detection
  • Loading and Speed Correction: Speed Droop
  • Actuator Lock
  • Governor Control and Meters



• Introduction to Hydraulics

  • Basic Hydraulic Concepts
  • Hydraulic Force
  • Directional Valves
  • Servo Valves
  • Hydraulic Amplification



• Governor Hydraulic Subsystem (Site Specific)

  • Hydraulic Components
  • Speed Switches
  • Brake Interlocks
  • Normal Operations
  • Start Up Sequences
  • Shut-Down Sequence
  • Actuator Lock
  • Automatic Shutdowns
  • Manual Operation of Wicket Gates



• Governor Oil System (Site Specific)

  • Functions of the Oil System
  • Oil System Components
  • Oil System Alarms
  • Operations with Unit Off-Line
  • Operations with Unit On-Line
  • Air Admission
  • Governor Oil Pressure Control Failure
  • Oil System Maintenance

• Describe the electrical power system
• Describe frequency and power control
• Describe voltage and var control
• Describe basic relay elements
• Describe elements of protection
• Define key protection terms
• Describe target schemes and limitations
• Describe CO relay-based feeder protection
• Describe line protection
• Describe methods of locating line faults
• Describe transformer protection
• Describe generator protection
• Describe feeder bus and transmission line fault locating
• Understand generation, high voltage bus, transformer, transmission and distribution line protection.
• Analyze target and alarms for generators, transmission and distribution line faults, and for bus protection

• Read and interpret basic drawings

  • Read and interpret motor control schematics and wiring diagrams
  • Read and interpret circuit breaker control schematics and wiring diagrams
  • Read and interpret motor-operated disconnect switch control schematic and wiring diagrams
  • Topics include PLCs and batteries.
  
  

• Read and interpret advanced drawings

  • Identify major components of the power station control and protection system
  • Read and interpret schematic diagrams for a mimic push button control board
  • Read and interpret schematic diagrams for control system interposing
  • Read and interpret schematic diagrams for control system interfacing
  • Read and interpret schematic diagrams for complex circuit breaker controls
  • Use troubleshooting techniques



• Practice in a mock substation follows classroom learning

• Describe the limits of approach methodology to energized equipment
• Identify conducting or energized parts of equipment
• Use laser measuring tool to measure LOA distances
• Describe how to use the Hilti PD4 Laser measuring tool to measure distances from high voltage conductors

• Describe the limits of approach methodology to energized equipment
• Explain how to determine voltages
• Identify conducting or energized parts of equipment
• Use measuring methods for high voltage conductors
• Identify work area barrier installation requirements and identify proper set-up.
• Describe how to use various tools to measure distances from high voltage conductors.
• Apply acquired skills in practical scenarios

• Define worker protection grounding and bonding
• Explain principles that apply to worker protection grounding and bonding
• Explain the reasons for applying grounding and bonding techniques
• Explain how the application of grounding and bonding techniques protects workers
• Understand the various types and sizes of safety grounds
• Explain the factors related to shock
• Explain the effects of electric current on the human body
• Explain why Parallel Resistance occurs
• Explain the principles of Induction
• Identify the causes of accidental energization
• Identify factors involved in Step and Touch Potential
• Understand the hazards associated with improper grounding technique and how to minimize risks
• Describe principles on limits of approach, safety protection, work area, auxiliary isolation, and potential testing
• Use Appropriate Safety Protection Guarantees
• Establish/Identify the Work Area
• Ensure Auxiliary Isolation
• Test for Potential
• Establish Worker Protection Grounding and Bonding
• Establish Worker Control
• Understand applicable installation methods
• Apply Grounding and Bonding procedures
• Identify and work within Ground Grid areas
• Choose and maintain Ground Leads
• Identify and use Ground Clamps
• Apply other grounding methods
• Understand substation grounding

• Describe what is arc flash
• Understand arc flash safety
• Explain an electrical shock
• Understand physiological effects of arc flash exposure
• Explain required personal protective equipment and clothing
• Describe the potential ways of reducing arc flash hazards and control workplace hazards

Lockout procedures are the most effective method of controlling energy hazards. Lockout procedures are a set of safe work practices and rules that prevent a worker from coming in contact with a hazardous energy source. In this course we will explore the risks and hazards inherent with the maintenance and testing of equipment, and the regulations and procedures that protect workers from energy hazards.

• Describe the implications of due diligence
• Understand duties and responsibilities of a supervisor
• Understand when to lockout
• Identify energy sources
• Understand the differences between lockout and tagout
• Demonstrate knowledge of supplies for personal lockout
• Define authorized and affected employees
• Understand requirements for training and annual review
• Explain Arc Flash Safety
• Describe industry’s best practices for preventing injury while maintaining or testing electrical or mechanical equipment
• Understand procedures for controlling hazardous energy and protecting themselves and others from sustaining injury

• Transformer Principles

  • List the main components of a transformer, and discuss the function of each part.
  • Explain how a transformer fulfills the three requirements for electromagnetic induction.
  • Describe how a transformer’s turns ratio determines the difference between its primary and secondary voltage.
  
  

• Types of Transformers

  • Identify power transformers, current transformers, and potential transformers.



• Cooling Systems

  • Describe the purpose of power transformer cooling systems.
  • Recognize and identify a self-cooled power transformer, and describe how its cooling system works.
  • Recognize and identify a self-cooled/forced-air-cooled power transformer, and describe how its cooling system works.
  • Recognize and identify a forced-oil/forced-air-cooled power transformer, and describe how the cooling system works.
  • Identify and describe the functions of temperature gauges and level gauges on a power transformer.



• Power Transformer Sealing Systems

  • State the purpose of power transformer sealing systems.
  • Recognize and identify gas-sealed and conservator-type sealed power transformers.
  • Describe how sealing systems work.
  • Recognize and identify a conservator-type sealed power transformer that has an airbag in the conservator, and describe how its sealing system works.
  • Recognize and identify a gas/oil-sealed power transformer, and describe how its sealing system works.